베라 몰나르(Vera Molnár)는 컴퓨터 아트의 초기 개척자들 중 하나로, 작가의 철저한 시스템 기반의 접근방식은 예술과 기술 간의 현대적 교차점에 대한 매개변수를 정립하는데 기여하였다. 그녀의 기하학적 추상화는 컴퓨터의 발전을 예고하는, 미리 정해진 일련의 수학적 원칙들에 의해 통제된 엄격한 구성 방식에 따라 만들어졌다. 작가는 자신이 근본적 형태에 초점을 둔 것을 언급하며 “나의 인생은 사각형, 삼각형 그리고 선에 있다” 라 말한 바 있다. 1960년대에 그녀는 직접 간단한 알고리즘 프로그램을 시행하기 시작하였다. 작가가 ‘가상 기계’ 라 일컫는 이 프로그램은 부여된 일련의 명령과 자체적 제한 내에서 가능한 모든 순열을 제공함으로써 그녀의 작업이 체계적으로 구현될 수 있게 하였다.
1968년, 소르본의 연구실에서 처음으로 컴퓨터를 접한 베라 몰나르는 초기 프로그래밍 언어인 ‘포트란(Fortran)’을 독학하였고, 이를 통해 그녀는 기계에 무한한 알고리즘 변형을 입력할 수 있게 되었다. 0과 1의 언어를 사용하여 컴퓨터에 명령어를 입력하면, 컴퓨터는 움직이는 펜으로 만들어진 선 드로잉을 플로터로 출력하였다. 그녀는 문자 M – 말레비치(Malevich), 몬드리안(Mondrian), 그리고 몰나르의 첫 글자에서 기인 – 의 반복과 변형을 실험하였으며, 이는 그녀의 전임자들에게 경의를 표하는 동시에 추상적 기호로서 작동한다. 미학적 문제에 관해 단 하나의 해법이란 존재하지 않는다는 것을 확신한 그녀는 작품 내부와 전반에 걸쳐 연속적인 변형을 실험한다. 그녀는 또한 질서/무질서 사이의 무너짐을 연구하고, 의도적으로 ‘1퍼센트의 무질서 법칙(1% disorder)’을 도입함으로써 체계적으로 결정된 우연적인 요소가 그녀의 작품에 영향을 미칠 수 있도록 한다.
1924년 헝가리에서 태어난 베라 몰나르는 부다페스트 미술대학(Budapest College of Fine Arts)에서 회화, 미술사 및 미학을 수학하였으며, 1947년 이후 파리에 거주하며 작업하고 있다. 그녀는 1960년 비주얼 아트 연구그룹 GRAV(Groupe de Recherche d’Art Visuel)과 1967년 예술과 정보과학 (Art et Informatique)을 비롯한 다수의 주요 프랑스 실험 단체를 공동 설립하였다. 1976년 영국의 센트럴 런던 폴리테크닉(Polytechnic of Central London) 갤러리에서 작가의 첫번째 개인전 ⟪Transformations⟫이 개최되었으며, 그 이전에도1960년 취리히의 헬름하우스(Helmhaus, Zürich)에서 건축가 막스 빌(Max Bill)이 개최한 ⟪Konkrete Kunst : 50 Jahre Entwicklung⟫과 런던 현대미술 연구소(Institute of Contemporary Art, London)에서의⟪Cybernetic Serendipity⟫와 같은 주요 그룹전에 참가한 바 있다. 1976년에 그녀는 남편인 예술가 프랑수와 몰나르(François Molnár, 1922-1993)와 함께 몰나르트 소프트웨어 (Molnart software)를 개발했다. 작가는 1985년부터 1990년까지 파리의 소르본 대학에서 순수미술, 미학 및 미술사 교수로 재직하기도 하였다.
베라 몰나르의 작품은 최근 몇년간 프랑스 루앙 미술관 (Musée des Beaux-arts, Rouen, 2007/2012), 헝가리 부다페스트 미술관 (Musée des Beaux-arts, Budapest, 2010), 취리히 하우스 컨스트럭티브 (Haus Konstruktiv, Zurich, 2015), 프랑스 캉 미술관 (Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen, 2018), 스위스 취리히 디지털 미술관 (Museum of Digital Art, Zurich, 2019), 스위스 발덴부흐 리터 미술관 (Museum Ritter, Waldenbuch, 2020)등 세계 유수의 기관에서 개인전을 개최하며 국제적 위상을 얻었다. 2021년에는 작가의 97번째 생일을 기념하며 작가 작업의 전반을 조망하는 회고전을 프랑스 렌느 미술관(Musée des Beaux-Arts, Rennes)에서 개최하였다. 또한, ⟪Chance and Control : Art in the Age of Computers⟫(런던 빅토리아&앨버트 박물관(Victoria & Albert Museum, London), 2018), ⟪Degree Zero : Drawing at Midcentury⟫(뉴욕 현대미술관(The Museum of Modern Art), 2020), ⟪Women in Abstraction⟫(파리 퐁피두 센터(Centre Pompidou, Paris), 2021) 등 유수의 그룹전에 참가하며 꾸준히 활동을 이어오고 있다. 2022년에는 미국의 예술감독 세실리아 알레마니(Cecilia Alemani)가 총감독을 맡은 제 59회 베니스 비엔날레 ⟪The Milk of Dreams⟫의 전시 작가로 선정된 바 있다. 작가는 2005년 제 1회 디벨로프 디지털 아트 어워드(D. velop Digital Art Award)를 수상하였고, 2007년 예술 및 문학 총감독으로 임명되었으며 2018년에는 그녀의 뛰어난 가치를 인정받아 AWARE 어워드에서 수상하였다.
2024
Parler à l'œil, Centre Pompidou, Paris, France
2021
Vera Molnár: Est-ce Une Ligne?, Vintage Galéria, Budapest, Hungary
Vera Molnár: Icône 2020, New Murano Gallery, Venice, Italy
Vera Molnár, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Rennes, France
Vera Molnár: Ein Würfelwurf niemals tilgt den Zufall, Thaddaeus Ropac, Salzburg, Austria
Vera Molnár. Pas froid aux yeux, Espace de l'Art Concret, Mouans-Sartoux; Musée des beaux-arts de Rennes, Rennes, France
2020
Vera Molnár. Promenades en carré, Museum Ritter, Waldenbuch, Germany
2019
Vera Molnár
Vera Molnár: Alchemy of Lines, Galerie Oniris, Rennes, France
2015
Mes 90 ans à la Ligne, Galerie La Ligne, Zürich, Switzerland
(Un)Ordnung / (Dés)Ordre, Museum Haus Konstruktiv, Zurich, Switzerland
Regarding the Infinite, Senior & Shopmaker Gallery, New York, NY, USA
2014
(Un)Ordnung / (Dés)Ordre, Museum Für Konkrete Kunst, Ingolstadt, Germany
Solo, DAM Gallery, Berlin, Germany
Née en 1924, Granville Gallery, Paris, France
2013
Tremblement, Collection Nationale de l’Edition et de l’Art Imprime, Paris, France
Vera Molnár: True Story, Galerie TORRI, Paris, France
2012
Vera Molnár, Kunsthaus Rehau, Institut für Konstruktive Kunst und Konkrete Poesie, Rehau, Germany
Vera Molnár, Une Rétrospective 1942–2012, Musée des Beaux Arts de Rouen, Rouen, France
One Percent Disorder, Kepes Központ, Eger, Hungary
2011
86 (Part III), Galerie Torri, Paris, France
2010
Vera Molnár/Cézanne, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, Hungary
86 (Part II), Galerie Torr, Paris, France
86, Galerie Torri, Paris, France
Tourner en rond, Galerie Cour Carrée, Paris, France
Variations Ste-Victoire, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Budapest, Hungary
60 Years of Squares, Galerie Oniris, Rennes, France
2009
Perspectives et Variations, FRAC Lorraine, Metz, France
Née en 1924, Galerie März, Mannheim, Germany
2008
Pliages, Tableaux, Dessins, Galerie März, Mannheim, Germany
The Early Beginnings – Vera Molnár, DAM Museum, Berlin, Germany
Hommage à Dürer (with François Morellet), Musée Vasarely, Budapest, Hungary
Hommage à Paul Klee, Galerie La Ligne, Zürich, Switzerland
Hommage à Dürer, variations (with François Morellet), Paksi Városi Múzeum, Paks, Hungary
2007
Car je n’aime pas la couleur verte, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen, Rouen, France
Vers l’épure, Galerie Cour Carrée, Paris, France
M…, Galerie Oniris, Rennes, France
Lignes, Galerie März, Ladenburg, Germany
2006
Parallèles (with MCBA), Galerie La Ligne, Zürich, Switzerland
Tableaux et Séries, März Galerien, Ladenburg, Germany
Vera Molnár, Etudes et Multiples, März Galerien, Mannheim, Germany
Monotonie, Symétrie, Surprise, Kunsthalle Bremen, Bremen, Germany
2005
Droites et Courbes, Galerie Cour Carrée, Paris, France
Vera Molnár, Galerie Charpa, Valencia, Spain
Signes et Signatures, Galerie Oniris, Rennes, France
Vera Molnár et Marta Pan – Thèmes et Variations, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Brest, France
2004
Vera Molnár / Julije Knifer, Lignes et méandres, Fondation Claudine et Jean-Marc Salomon, Alex, France
M, comme Malevitch und andere Buchstabenbilder, März Galerien, Mannheim, Germany
Vera Molnár – Als das Quadrat noch ein Quadrat war, rétrospective pour le 80ème anniversaire, Wilhelm-Hack-Museum, Ludwigshafen, Germany
Drawings, Sala do Risco, Lisbon, Portugal
2003
Hasards Canalizes, Gutmann Galéria, Budapest, Hungary
Vera Molnár, Musée Municipal, Györ, Hungary
Dessins, März Galerien, Mannheim, Germany
2002
Vera Molnár, Espace Fanal, Basel, Switzerland
Variations, Galerie Oniris, Rennes, France
Tableaux, März Galerien, Ladenburg, Germany
Hasards Prémédités, Galerie Cour Carrée, Paris, France
2001
Des Chemins Sinueux, März Galerien, Mannheim, Germany
Fragments de Méandres, Institut Culturel Hongrois, Stuttgart, Germany
Peintures, Collages, Dessins, Musée de Grenoble, France
Entre Droites et Courbes, Galerie Emilia Suciu, Ettlingen, Germany
reConnaître – Vera Molnár, Musée de Grenoble, France
2000
Lignes – Œuvres Récentes, Galerie Oniris, Rennes, France
Au crayon, à la plume, au pinceau, à l’ordinateur, Centre d’Art Contemporain Bouvet-Ladubay, Saumur, France
Computerzeichnungen, Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken, Germany
Lettres de Ma Mère, Centre d’art CAMAC de Marnay-sur-Seine, France
Promenade à Ladenburg, Exposition + Installation, März Galerien, Ladenburg, Germany
1999
Une Visite Guidée à Travers Mon Cerveau, Espace Gustave-Fayet, Sérignan, France
Inventaire – Hommage au 75ème anniversaire de Vera Molnár, März Galerien, Ladenburg, Germany
Extrait de 100,000 milliards de lignes, Le Crédac, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
Réflexions Contemporaines (with F. Malaprade), Galerie Cour Carrée, Nancy, France
1998
Sensibilité Numérique 1957–97, Vismara Arte, Milan, Italy
Sculptures, Dessins (with M. Pan), Espace de Luynes, Chevreuse, France
Vera Molnár, Manfred Mohr, Galerie Lahumière, Paris, France
1997
Peintures 1966–1996, Galerie Oniris, Rennes, France
Lettres de Ma Mère, Institut Hongrois, Paris, France
1996
Lettres de Ma Mère, Galerie ITS.ART.IST, La Hulpe, Belgium
Pink und Rouge, März Galerien, Ladenburg, Germany
Tango, Musée d’Art et d’Histoire, Cholet, France
4 Livrimages, Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Valenciennes, France
Line, Musée Ernst, Budapest, Hungary
1995
De l’Esprit à l’Oeuvre, in La science en fête, Musée d’Art et d’Histoire, Cholet, France
Tableaux (with François Morellet), März Galerien, Mannheim, Germany
1994
Tableaux, Dessins, März Galerien, Mannheim + Ladenburg, Germany
Ordres et (Des)ordres, Wilhelm-Hack-Museum, Ludwigshafen, Germany
Géométrie du Plaisir, Gesellschaft für Kunst und Gestaltung, Bonn, Germany
Multiples, März Galerien, Mannheim, Germany
Sommaire 1992–93, März Galerien, Mannheim + Ladenburg, Germany
1993
La Quadrature de l’Art (with G. Honegger), Cloître du CRDP Poitou-Charentes, Poitiers, France
1992
Travaux Anciens, Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken, Germany
1991
9 Quadrate – Zeichnungen, Collagen, Bilder Gesellschaft für Kunst und Gestaltung, Bonn, Germany
1990
Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken, Germany
Lignes, Formes, Couleurs, Musée Vasarely, Budapest, Hungary
Stiftung für konkrete Kunst, Reutligen, Germany
2023
L’autre musée, the treasures of a major contemporary art collection, Frac Bretagne, Rennes, France
2022
The Milk of Dreams, cur. Cecilia Alemani, 59th International Art Exhibition, La Biennale di Venezia, Venice, Italy
2021
Women in Abstraction, Centre Pompidou, Paris, France
Code of Arms, Gazelli Art House, London, UK
Small is beautiful ! panorama construit, Galerie Denise René, Paris, France
Structure du silence, Galerie Denise René, Paris, France
2020
kunibert fritz + the disobedient square, Edition + Galerie Hoffmann, Friedberg, Germany
Hard Edge, Galerie Denise René, Paris, France
2018
Writing New Codes: Cordeiro / Mallary / Molnár, The Mayor Gallery, London, UK
2020
Degree Zero: Drawing at Midcentury, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, USA
Female Minimal: Abstraction in the Expanded Field, Thaddaeus Ropac, London, UK
Dimensions of Reality: Female Minimal, Thaddaeus Ropac, Paris Pantin, France
2018
Coder le monde, Centre Pompidou, Paris, France
2017
Thinking Machines: Art and Design in the Computer Age, 1959–1989, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, USA
2014
La passion Dürer, Musée Jenisch Vevey, Vevey, Switzerland
Abstraction / Figuration, Musée des Beaux arts de Rennes, France
Evénement plastique, Galerie Pascal Janssens, Ghent, Belgium
2013
Beauté Rationnelle, Espace Topographique de l’Art, Paris, France
Dynamo, cur. Serge Lemoine & Matthieu Poirier, Grand Palais, Paris, France
A Brief History of Line, cur. Hélène Guenin & Christian Briend, Centre Pompidou Metz, Metz, France
2012
Chance as Strategy, Vasarely Museum, Budapest, Hungary
Contemporary French Painting, PERMM Museum of contemporary art, Perm, Russia
Exiles, Musée National Fernand Léger, Biot, France
Das Abenteuer Konstruktivismus, Galerie Linde Hollinger, Ladenburg, Germany
Osas Plus In The Vasarely Museum, Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, Hungary
2011
Think Line 2, Digital Art Museum, Berlin, Germany
Wandering, Labyrinthine Variations, Centre Pompidou Metz, Metz, France
Abstraction / Modernité, Centre d’Art La Passerelle, Brest, France
Approaches from the 1950s to the 1970s, Museum Ritter, Waldenbuch, Germany
Plotter Drawings from the 1960s, Digital Art Museum, Berlin, Germany
2010
Master Works, Centre Pompidou Metz, Metz, France
On Line: Drawing Through the 20th Century, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, USA
2009
Petersburg…, Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrucken, Germany
Around the Square, Galerie Quai des Arts, Vevey, Switzerland
Atelier Osas, Musée Vasarely, Budapest, Hungary
Thèmes et moments, Paksi Városi Múzeum, Paks, Hungary
I-Mages, French Institute of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
Wechselspiel Projektraum, 4, Mannheim, Germany
Elles, Centre Pompidou, Paris, France
L’oblique, Musée de Montbéliard, Montbéliard, France
Collection Frank Popper, Centre d’Art de Marcigny, France
Works on Paper, Galerie Linde Hollinger, Ladenburg, Germany
Anjou-Hongrie, Salle Bessonneau, Angers, France
James Joyce Unique Books, Staatsarchiv, Ludwigburg, Germany
Reconnaître, Paksi Városi Múzeum, Paks, Hungary
The Square in the Collection, Foundation of Concrete Art, Reutlingen, Germany
On Paper, Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken, Germany
2008
Joseph Aloïs Schumpeter Centre d’Art Contemporain OUI, Grenoble, France
Red in All its Forms, La Maison des Arts, Carcès, France
Imaging by Numbers, Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
Nouvelle Présentation /3, Musée Ritter, Waldenbuch, Germany
Die Rationale /II, Frauenmuseum, Bonn, Germany
Exemplifizieren Wird Kunst, Ludwigmuseum, Koblenz, Germany
Sound of Music, Frac Nord-Pas-de Calais, Lille, France
Paris 1950: Auguste Herblin and his Circle, Galerie Lahumière, Paris, France
Gestandlos, Gesellschaft fur Kunst und Gestaltung, Bonn, Germany
Drawing, Galerie März, Mannheim, Germany
20 Years at Galerie Emilia Suciu, Ettlingen, Germany
Genesis – The Art of Invention, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern, Switzerland
2007
Three Hungarian Artists (Molnár, Nems, Saxon), Conservatoire des Arts, Montigny, France
Black and White, Musée Vasarely, Budapest, Hungary
A Second Look, Foundation of Concrete Art, Reutlingen, Germany
Ex machina, Kunsthalle Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Exemplifizieren wird Kunst, Wilhelm-Hack-Museum, Ludwigshafen, Germany
Geometric Abstraction of Hungary, Arithmeum Museum, Bonn, Germany
8 x Concrete, Beardsmore Gallery, London, England
Sound of Music, Broelmuseum, Courtrai, Belgium
Peldàzat Mint Müveszet, Musée Vasarely, Budapest, Hungary
Fresh Paint, Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken, Germany
Winter Group Show, Galerie La Ligne, Zürich, Switzerland
2006
Art Multiple, Espace de l’Art Concret, Mouans Sartoux, France
Divergent Paths, L’Arsenal, Metz, France
White, März Galerien, Ladenburg, Germany
Mais de quoi se mèlent-ils?, Bibliotheca Wittockiana, Brussels, Belgium
Aux Femmes Artistes, Espace de l’Art Concret, Mouans Sartoux, France
Binding Structures, Musée Matisse, Le Cateau-Cambrésis, France
Open Structures, Musée Vasarely, Budapest, Hungary
Place Your Bets, Musée de St.-Brieuc, France
Color in Series, Église St. Joseph, Pontivy, France
Ceramic Artists, Palais Abbatial de St. Hubert, Belgium
Horizontal / Vertical, Art Concrete, Musée Tavet-Delacour, Pontoise, France
Et la terre [...] voyage, Musée de la Faïence, Sarreguemines, France
Wunderkammer, Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken, Germany
20th Century Computer Art, Tama Art University Museum, Tokyo, Japan
Movement in the Square, Museum Ritter, Waldenbuch, Germany
The Potential of Line, Forum Konkrete Kunst, Erfurt, Germany
2005
Just a Glance II, Galerie Cour Carrée, Paris, France
Large Format, Salle Bessonneau, Angers, France
Interlude 2: Concrets?, FRAC Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Dunkirk, France
Concrete Concepts, Collection Château de Vass Veszprém, Hungary
L’Œil Moteur, Musée d’Art Moderne et Contemporain, Strasbourg, France
Le Chant Rythmique de l’Esprit, Espace de l’Art Concret, Mouans Sartoux, France
Gris Eminents, La Maison des Arts, Carcès, France
Square, Museum Ritter, Waldenbuch, Germany
Nachtbilder + Neon, März Galerien, Mannheim, Germany
Small Format 52 European Artists, Galerie Emilia Suciu, Ettlingen, Germany
Avant-Première, Centre d’Art Contemporain, Sérignan, France
2004
Just a Glance, Galerie Cour Carrée, Paris, France
Contemporary Ceramics, Musée National de Céramique, Sèvres, France
Art and the Scientific Imagination, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen, France
Mesures, Musée Matisse, Le Cateau-Cambrésis, France
Les Arts de la Terre et du Feu, La Maison de la Terre, Dieulefit, France
Le Pont, la collection Szöllösi-Nagy-Nemes, Szentendre, Hungary
Digital Consciousness, Bitforms Gallery, New York, NY, USA
Electrohype 2004, Malmö Konsthall, Malmö, Sweden
The Liberated Line (with H. Nohl, A. Malik), Galerie D. Wosimsky, Giessen, + März Galerien, Mannheim + Ladenburg, Germany
2003
Artists’ Books, Bibliotheca Wittockiana, Brussels, Belgium
Treasures of the 20th Century, Salle Bessenneau, Angers, France
35 Years of Etching at Fanal, Espace Fanal, Basel, Switzerland
10 – Dix – X, Forum Konkrete Kunst, Erfurt, Germany
Constructivist Art in Paris, Musée d’Art Contemporain, Calasetta, Italy
Pictography, Galerie Csokonai, Kaposvàr, Hungary
Europe-Concrete-Reductive, Museum of Architecture, Wrocław, Poland
Croissance Construite, Mondriaanhuis, Amersfoort, Netherlands
Art and Computer (Atala, Caillaud, Molnár, Lequoy), Micro-Espace Diagonales, Le Castellet, France
2002
Women’s Marks, Collection de la Fondation Camille, Hôtel de Ville, Paris, France
Hungarian Artists in France, Salle Bessenneau, Angers, France
Constructivist Art in France, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
Peintures: contrainte ou recette, Galerie du Cloître, Ecole des Beaux-Arts de Rennes, France
50 Years of Acquisitions, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Rennes, France
Extra-Ball: New Works from the Collection of FRAC, Musée de Cognac, France
Compact– Concrete – Constructive, Museum Narodowe Szczecin, Poland
Prints, Carrespace, Vallorbe, Switzerland
25+25, Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken, Germany
Installation for the 20th C., Gesellschaft für Kunst und Gestaltung, Bonn, Germany
Use of the Square, Arte Struktura, Milan, Italy
2001
Aspects of Constructivist Art, Kulturforum, Erfurt + E-Werk, Freiburg + Gesellschaft für Kunst und Gestaltung, Bonn, Germany
Collection Marli Hoppe-Ritter, Académie Catholique, Freiburg, Germany
Contemporary Prints from Atelier Del Arco, Maison des Arts, Paris, France
10 Years, Centre d’Art Contemporain Bouvet-Ladubay, Saumur, France
French Constructivist-Concrete: New Developments in Concrete Art, Galerie Emilia Suciu, Ettlingen, Germany
Compact– Concrete – Constructive, Heimatvere, Dringenberg, Germany
White and Black, Vismara Arte, Milan, Italy
Poetry of Color, Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken, Germany
Works on Paper, 50 Years, Galerie Denise René, Paris, France
Sammlung Westermann, Galerie Municipale Fruchthalle, Rastatt, Germany
2000
New Acquisitions, Department of Prints, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France
Finite-Infinite in Mathematics and Art, Altes Rathaus, Potsdam, Germany
Mondiale Echo’s, Mondriaanhuis, Amersfoort, Netherlands
Paintings, Objects, Installations, März Galerien, Mannheim, Germany
Collection Marli Hoppe-Ritter, Kunstverein, Mannheim, Germany
Acquisitions 1996–99 du Fond Communal d’Art Contemporain, Galerie du Cloître, Rennes, France
Art Concret, Espace de l’Art Concret, Mouans-Sartoux, France
Acquisitions 1996–98 FRAC Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Kent Institute of Art & Design, Canterbury, UK
Grafik III, Villa Toscana, Gmünden, Austria
Ligne(s) de conduite, Espace de l’Art Concret, Mouans-Sartoux, France
Donazione Leinardi, Musée de Calasetta, Italy
1999
The Date and the Hour, Palais des Beaux-Arts, Budapest, Hungary
Painting Now, Frac Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Musée du Touquet, Le Touquet, France
The One Dimension, Länsmuseet Västernorrland Härnösand, Sweden
Pixelart. 01, Galerie Page, Zürich, Switzerland
Paintings in the FRAC Collection, Galerie des Beaux-Arts, Cherbourg, Switzerland
Pocitacové Obrazy, Galerie Mêsta Blanska, Brno, Czech Republic
Knifer, Molnár, Morellet, Vismara Arte, Milan, Italy
Pure Abstract Art, Mondriaanhuis, Amersfoort, Netherlands
The Planet Art, Cape Town, South Africa
1996–1998, Frac Bretagne, Rennes, France
Hommage à F. Fejtö, Salon Liszt, Institut Hongrois, Paris, France
30 x 30 x 30, Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken, Germany
Autour de Jean Leppien, Galerie Lahumière, Paris, France
Constructive Art in Europa, Galerie Hors Lieux, Strasbourg, France and Galerie Emilia Suciu, Ettlingen, Germany
1998
Collection Staechelin, Museum für Neue Kunst, Freiburg, Germany
Neue Dimension, Forum Konkrete Kunst, Erfurt, Germany
Artist in Situ, Galerie Am Tunnel, Luxembourg
Ekspozycja – 1, Museum Sztuki, Swieradow Zdroj, Poland
L’art Dégénère, Pavillon Vendôme, Aix-en-Provence, France
Cut, Copy and Paste, Université de Luneburg, Germany
Fanal, Musée Tavet, Pontoise, France
Fanal, 30 ans, Littmann Kulturprojekte, Basel, Switzerland
Albums et Livres, März Galerien, Mannheim, Germany
Accrochages Inédits, Musée de Grenoble, France
Ungarn – Avantgarde im 20. Jahrhundert, Neue Galerie der Stadt Linz, Linz, Austria
Kunst im Aufbruch, Wilhelm-Hack-Museum, Ludwigshafen, Germany
Kunst + Computer, März Galerien, Ladenburg, Germany
Diagonal, März Galerien, Mannheim, Germany
Peindre aujourd’hui, FRAC Basse Normandie, Bretteville, France
A Celebration of Constructive Art, Nickle Arts Museum, Calgary, Canada
Painting Today, La Baronnie, FRAC Basse Normandie, Bretteville, France
1997
Jenseits von Kunst, Neue Galerie, Graz, Austria
Hommage à Bartok, Unesco, Paris, France
Aspekte Konkrete Kunst,März Galerien, Mannheim + Ladenburg, Germany
Jeder Meter für die Kunst Kulturrathaus, Dresden, Germany
Transparenz, Ed. Galerie Hoffmann, Friedberg, Germany
Artists’ Books, Musée Xantus, Györ, Hungary
Atelier-Editions Fanal, Institut Goethe, Caracas, Venezuela
Atelier-Editions Fanal, Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken, Germany
Tableaux, Objets, Sculptures, März Galerien, Mannheim, Germany
Mappenwerke, Galerie St. Johann, Saarbrücken, Germany
Jeder Meter für die Kunst, Fürst Leopold-Carre, Dessau, Germany
Collection Camille, Musée d’art, Epinal, France
Livres d’artiste, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France
1996
Jeder Meter für die Kunst, Arsenal BWA Galeria, Bialystok, Poland
25 Years of Contemporary, Art Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art, Chicago, IL, USA
Die konkrete Zeit – Gegenstände eines Jahrhunderts, Stiftung für konkrete Kunst, Reutlingen, Germany
Histoires de Blanc et Noir, Musée de Grenoble, France
Histoires de Blanc et Noir, Fondation d’Art Concret, Reutlingen, Germany
Konkrete – Konstruktiv, Albert Weisgerber – Stiftung, Museum Sankt-Ingbert, St.-Ingbert, Germany
Croix – Cross – Kreuz – Chrüz, März Galerien, Ladenburg, Germany
A müveszeten tül, Musée Ludwig, Budapest, Hungary
Petit format de papier / 8, Musée du petit format, Couvin, Belgium
1995
Le temps d’ailleurs, Galerie Lara Vincy, Paris, France
Konkrete Kunst Internationaal, Projekt 30 x 30, Museum Coopmaushus, Franeker, Netherlands
Digital Konkret / 1, Gesellschaft für Kunst und Gestaltung, Bonn, Germany
18 ans du Cirque Divers, Musée d’Art Moderne et d’Art Contemporain, Liège, Belgium
Exposition / 3, Museum Modern Art, Hünfeld, Germany
Karo Dame, Kunsthaus Aarau, Switzerland
Collection, fin XXème Siecle, FRAC Poitou-Charentes, France
Première exposition dans la Maison, Bill Zürich, Switzerland
Kolekcja Sztuki Konkretnej Swieradow, Poland
Chicago-Paris, Abstract Affinities, Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art, Chicago, IL, USA
Feux terrestres, Année Paul Valéry à Sète, Centre Régional d’Art Contemporain, Sète, France
211 – dessins 1970–1990, Galerie Oniris, Rennes, France
1994
Aspects actuels de la mouvance construite internationale, Musée Royal des Beaux-Arts, Anvers, Belgium
Europa, Europa. Das Jahrhundert der Avantgarde in Mittel- und Osteuropa, Kunst und Ausstellungshalle des Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn, Germany
Konstruieren als Kunst – Art et Mathématiques, Goethe Institut, Nancy, France
Projekt 30 x 30, Wilhelm-Hack-Museum, Ludwigshafen, Germany
Audiopoésie électronique et informatique, Galerie Lara Vincy, Paris, France
Stadt der Frauen, Frauenmuseum, Bonn, Germany
Le Hasard & l’Art Concret, Fondation pour l’Art Concret, Zürich, Switzerland
1993
Computer Graphics, Academy of Fine Art and Design, Bratislava, Slovakia
Algorithmus and Art, Galerie Meissmer, Hamburg, Germany
Kunst im Herrenhof, Neustadt, Germany
Aspects of the International Constructivist Movement, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Verviers, Belgium
Graphic Arts from Electronic Sources, Institut Hongrois, Paris, France
Geometry and Constructivism, French Institute of Thessalonika, Greece
Aspects of the International Constructivist Movement, Editions-Centre de la Gravure et de l’Image Imprimée, La Louvière, Belgium
Ars (Dis)Symmetrica, Viztorony Galèria, Budapest, Hungary
Signatures de Femmes, Eglise St-Jacques, Lisieux, France
Konstruierte Unregelmässigkeit, Galerie Schoeller, Düsseldorf, Germany
Rencontres avec Leo Breuer, Gesellschaft für Kunst und Gestaltung, Bonn, Germany
Hungarian Artists in Paris: Hantai, Kadar, Kallos, Molnár, Pan, Schöffer, Vasarely, Institut Français + Institut Hongrois, Berlin, Germany
Reduktion, Zeichen, Haltung, Forum Konkrete Kunst, Erfurt, Germany
1992
Zufall als Prinzip, Wilhelm-Hack-Museum, Ludwigshafen, Germany
Arte Struktura, Centro d’Arte Contemporanea, Milan, Italy
Art Construit, Tendances Actuelles, Galerie Denise René, Paris, France
Telles qu’elles, Centre Wallon d’Art Contemporain, Flémalle, Belgium
De Bonnard à Baselitz, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, France
Art Construit, Galerie Quadri, Bruxelles, Belgium
Computer Graphic Art, Banska Bystrica, State Gallery, Prague, Czechoslavakia
Concrete Art International, Stichting IDAC, Galerie L’Idée, Zoetermeer, Netherlands
Originalgraphik – Atelier Edition Fance, Galerie Brigitte Weiss, Zürich, Switzlerland
Editions Fanal & Editions Hoffmann, Atelier Fanal, Basel, Switzerland
1991
En souvenir de Chernobyl, Kharkov Art Museum, Kharkov, Ukraine
Electrographix Art, Vàrosi Galéria, Nyiregyhàza, Hungary
Le Musée Vasarely de Budapest se présente, Institut Hongrois, Paris, France
The European Biennal of Non-traditional Graphics, Galerie Modry Pavilon, Prague, Czechoslavakia
Œuvres sur papier, Galerie Denise René, Paris, France
1990
Hommage à Pythagore, Carré Estampes, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Art Cinéma, Vidéo, Ordinateur, A.S.T.A.R.T.I., Vidéothèque de Paris, Paris, France
Museum Zeichen der Zeit, Projekt-Galerie New Space, Fulda, Germany
Geometrische Miniaturen, Wilhelm-Hack-Museum, Ludwigshafen, Germany
Arrobase, Bibliothèque Municipale de Lyon, Lyon, France
Tokyo Art Expo, Galerie Emilia Suciu, Tokyo, Japan
Livres d’Artistes, La Maison du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France
Mathematics and Modern Art, University of Leicester + Nene College, Northampton, UK
AESTAS III, Carré Estampes, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Hommage à Henryk Stazewski, Galerie L’Idée, Zoetermeer, Netherlands
France
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
Centre d'Art Contemporain Bouvet Ladubay, Saumur
Centre Pompidou, Paris
Fonds régional d'art contemporain (FRAC) Bretagne, Rennes
Fonds régional d'art contemporain (FRAC) Île-de-France, Paris
Fonds régional d'art contemporain (FRAC) Lorraine, Metz
Fonds régional d'art contemporain (FRAC) Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Dunkirk
Fonds régional d'art contemporain (FRAC) Normandie, Caen
Fonds régional d'art contemporain (FRAC) Poitou-Charentes, Angoulême
Musée des Beaux-Arts, Brest
Musée des Beaux-Arts, Rouen
UK
Sainsbury Centre, Norwich
Tate
Victoria & Albert Museum, London
Germany
Arithmeum, Bonn
Forum Konkrete Kunst, Erfurt
Hochschule für bildende Künste Saar, Saarbrücken
Kunsthalle Bremen, Bremen
Museum gegenstandsfreier Kunst, Otterndorf
Museum Ritter, Waldenbuch
Sammlung Peter C. Ruppert, Würzburg
Staatliche Kunstsammlung Dresden, Dresden
Stiftung für konkrete Kunst, Reutlingen
Stiftung für konkrete Kunst und Design, Ingolstadt
Wilhelm-Hack-Museum, Ludwigshafen
Netherlands
Mondriaanhuis, Amersfoort
Hungary
Apátúr-Ház – Xantus János Múzeum, Győr
Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest
Kassák Múzeum, Budapest
László Vass Collection, Budapest
Matzon Collection, Budapest
Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
Paksi Városi Múzeum, Paks
Italy
Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Calasetta
Japan
National Library, Tokyo
Luxembourg
Carré Estampes, Luxembourg
Croatia
National and University Library, Zagreb
Poland
Musée Sztuki, Lódz
Museum Wrocław, Wrocław
USA
Morgan Library & Museum, New York, NY
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX
Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY
National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA